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The following information will explain and cover some special, painless techniques on how to create a full working CD from the scratched one. I have personally tested this and had fixed a CD that would not read data at all. This tip works best with small unreadable scratches, as some hard scratches are too deep and loose the data permanently.

Requirements:

* Alcohol 120% software (Download here http://www.download.com/Alcohol-120-/3000-2646_4-10550202.html?tag=lst-0-1 or if link is not working then search for Alcohol 120 in http://www.download.com)
* Cooking oil
* Small piece of cotton
* Dry cleaner paper

Follow this simple steps to fix a scratched cd for repair purposes:

1. In step one you must do some preparation work on the CD. Begin by wetting the cotton with water. Begin to clean the CD in a vertical motion; three firm wipes shall be sufficient. Dry the CD with the dry cleaner paper.
2. Using another piece of cotton, apply oil to the CD surface. Be sure to do this with caution and not overuse oil. After a through cleaning, dry carefully. Particles from the oil will stay on the microsurface of the scratch. It appears that the oil helps the laser of the CD/DVD driver to read the surface again.
3. After downloading and installing Alcohol 120% software, run the program and select to create an ISO - image making wizard. Attempt to read the CD drive and test if the the Alcohol 120% can read. Alcohol 120% software is recommended for this, as it is known to recover data more efficiently than other ISO software.

You may be thinking that your computer is safe when it connected to internet because you are using firewall ( third party like mcafee etc.. or like default windows firewall). But may be without your knowledge some of your computer ports might have been opened, so your data can be accessed by hackers out there.  To confrim your computer is real protected by firewall, take the following test and this test is called 'Trustealth'.  The big advantage of this test is you can test all your service ports (unlike some free tests where they test only commonly used ports).  Follow the procedure below on how to test all your service ports.

 1. Click here to go to free firewall test.

2. Go to the End of the page and click 'proceed' button ( on this page it displays your ip address info)

3. Now select 'All Service ports' ( and also you can test for 'File sharing' , 'common ports', 'messenger spam' etc…)

4. Now it takes some time to test all your service ports and displays your 1024 ports in a grid.

5. if your firewall is working perfectly, it displays the following message -

'Your system has achieved a perfect "TruStealth" rating. Not a single packet — solicited or otherwise — was received from your system as a result of our security probing tests. Your system ignored and refused to reply to repeated Pings (ICMP Echo Requests). From the standpoint of the passing probes of any hacker, this machine does not exist on the Internet. Some questionable personal security systems expose their users by attempting to "counter-probe the prober", thus revealing themselves. But your system wisely remained silent in every way. Very nice'

                                or

if there some loop holes in your firewall settings, it displays all that information.

                        Speed Test is the most popular, reliable and effective bandwidth test on the web.

      Features:
                    

   Listing here the top 5 free javascript cross browser WYSIWYG editors. These editors support today's most popular browsers.

1. TinyMCE  http://tinymce.moxiecode.com/

          TinyMCE is a platform independent web based Javascript HTML WYSIWYG editor control released as Open Source under LGPL by Moxiecode Systems AB. It has the ability to convert HTML TEXTAREA fields or other HTML elements to editor instances. TinyMCE is very easy to integrate into other Content Management Systems.

      TinyMCE Features

• Easy to integrate, takes only two lines of code.
• Customizable through themes and plugins.
• Customizable XHTML 1.0 output. Block invalid elements and force attributes.
• International language support (Language packs)
• Multiple browser support, Mozilla, MSIE, FireFox, Opera and Safari (experimental).
• PHP/.NET/JSP/Coldfusion GZip compressor, Makes TinyMCE 75% smaller and a lot faster to load.

2. FCKeditor  http://www.fckeditor.net/

             The editor is distributed under the LGPL Open Source license, so you have the freedom to use it however you want. This HTML text editor brings to the web many of the powerful functionalities of desktop editors like MS Word. It's lightweight and doesn't require any kind of installation on the client computer.

    
       FCKeditor Features:

• Internet Explorer 5.5+ and Gecko browser (Mozilla / Firefox / Netscape) compatibility
• XHTML 1.0 support
• Font formatting: type, size, color, style, bold, italic, etc
• Text formatting: alignment, indentation, bullets list, etc
• Cut, Paste and Paste as Plain Text, Undo and Redo
• Paste from Word cleanup with auto detection
• Link creation
• Anchors support
• Image insertion, with upload and server browsing support
•  Table creation and editing (add, delete rows, etc) - one of the best systems in the market.
• Table cells editing (size, colors, etc)
• Form fields
• Right click context menus support
• Complete toolbar customization
• Skins support.
• Plugins support.
• Spell checker
• CSS support for better integration with your web site
• Multi-language support with automatic user language detection. Including Right to Left scripting.
• Complete page editing (from <HTML> to </HTML>) or just contents.
• Lightweight and fast
• Automatic browser detection and customization
• Integration with ASP, ASP.NET, Java, ColdFusion, Perl, PHP and Javascript.
• Image and file links upload and server repository browser.
• For web developers it is easy to install and customize
• For web users it's simple and easy to use

3. Cross-Browser Rich Text Editor (RTE)   http://kevinroth.com/rte/

             The Cross-Browser Rich Text Editor (RTE) is based on the designMode() functionality introduced in Internet Explorer 5, and implemented in Mozilla 1.3+ using the Mozilla Rich Text Editing API.

              This code is licensed under a Creative Commons License (as of 5/15/2006).

      Features

• The Cross-Browser Rich Text Editor now includes table support (as of 2/10/2005) as well as an option to generate xhtml-compliant code (as of 2/24/2005).
• Requires: IE5.5+/Mozilla 1.3+/Firefox 0.6.1+/Netscape 7.1+/Mac Safari/Opera 9+, or any other browser that fully supports designMode() for rich-text features. All other browsers will display a standard textarea box instead.

4. Kupu  http://kupu.oscom.org/ 

        Kupu is a 'document-centric' open source client-side editor for Mozilla, Netscape and Internet Explorer. Inspired by Maik Jablonski's Epoz editor, it was written by Paul Everitt, Guido Wesdorp and Philipp von Weitershausen (and several other contributors, for a complete list refer to the CREDITS.txt file) to improve the JavaScript code and architecture, pluggability, standards support, support for other webservers than Zope (which was the original target platform for Epoz), configurability and a lot of other issues.

      Kupu's features

• Easy to integrate - Kupu can be easily integrated into a variety of CMS. Currently there is integration code for Zope 2, Silva, Plone and Apache Lenya. We hope to add code for integrating Kupu into MMBase, Interchange and more in the near future.
• Easy to customize and extend - Kupu can be customized and extended in several ways. For simple modifications much of the configuration can be set as attributes on the editor iframe, while buttons, tools and layout can be changed via the CSS. For larger customizations there's a simple JavaScript plugin API, and also the core has a clean and solid architecture to allow full extensibility.
• High-tech and up-to-date - Kupu uses CSS in favor of HTML for layout and presentation. It supports asynchronous saving to the server. It sets event handlers from code instead of from the HTML (excepting the toolbar), which makes the code a lot cleaner. It uses DOM functionality to build up HTML. On those and other fronts it tries to use the most modern standardized techniques available on all supported browsers to ensure a good user-experience and clean code.

5. eArea    http://www.sony-youth.com/software/eArea/

• eArea is a simple cross-browser WYSIWYG text editor. It works on Explorer, Firefox/Mozila and Safari/Konqueror. It even with OS X Dashboard widgets! 
• If eArea comes across a browser it doesn't support (like Opera), it will display an ordinary <textarea> instead.
•  Everything about eArea is customisable: from what buttons are shown to the size of the text area and the style of the text in it. All from within the snippet of code in your HTML! You can even have as many eAreas on you pages as you like!
• eArea is licensed through the LGPL. So while it is fully open source, you can safely include it in your work without any licensing headaches.

           If you know any famous WYSIWYG editor other than the above mentioned and that support all popular today's  browsers and platforms, please share with us.

                CD-Audio and CD-ROM were established in the early 1980s as the “new thing” to replace he venerable analog long-playing record. This digital format was very quickly accepted as the standard because it provided compact size, high fidelity and tremendous durability. But soon the consumer, accustomed to recording LPs onto magnetic tapes, demanded the same ability in the new compact disc format. New technology made that possible a few years later with CD-R (recordable CDs) and then CD-RW (rewritable CDs).

CD-Audio and CD-ROM feature a spiral of pits on a molded plastic substrate over-coated with a reflective aluminum alloy.

To make a recordable disc, you start with a plastic substrate that has blank grooves rather than a predefined pattern of pits. The blank grooves can keep the drive on track before the data is written. In addition to a layer of metal, the media includes a thin layer of dye. Pulsing at high power, the laser in the drive can ablaze or “burn” marks in the dye. Read back with the laser at the normal, lower read power, those marks look like pits to the detectors in the drive. Because the high laser power permanently changes the dye, this format can be written only once.

For addition rewritable capability (CD-RW), a thin layer of so-called phase-change metal replaces the dye layer. That material requires two extra “dielectric,” or glassy, layers for protection. The drive employs a high-power laser to write amorphous marks in the metal layer, an intermediate-power level to write amorphous marks in the metal layer, an intermediate-power level to write crystalline marks and a low-power level to read the recorded data. To the drive, the crystalline areas appear bright and the amorphous areas appear dark. As a result, the disc can be read in the same manner as a CD-ROM. The crystalline-to-amorphous transition is reversible. CD-RW media can thus be rewritten approximately 1,000 times. In both CD-R and CD-RW, the difference between bright and dark regions is not as stark as that in CD-ROM technology. But newer drives tend to be able to read the various formats.

Many of us frequently use Ctrl+c (I.e., clipboard) to copy passwords and other important information, so it will save us from retyping it again and again. ( Mostly computer professionals use this Cut  ( or Copy ) and paste method to reduce retyping the code again and again). But Don’t do this while browsing internet. Are you willing to see how easy to steal infomation from you clip board? Then follow these steps.

1. Hightlight any text (for example text in your web browser, notepad or Word etc.) and press Ctrl+c.

2. Now click on the following link to see he copied text.

    http://www.friendlycanadian.com/applications/clipboard.htm

                  Hope you understand now how much easy it is to steal data from your clipboard. This is all possible with one line of code that can be written using Java script and ASP ( or PHP and CGI). The code is

var content = clipboardData.getData("Text");

    Now you understand the problem, but you will be thinking how to prevent this,,. am I right?   See the procedure how to solve this problem. ( courtsey above website)

  1. go to Tools -> internet option -> security in intenet explorer

  2. Click on the custom level security setting and uncheck the option " Allow Paste Operations via Script.”

Note :  This has been tested on windows XP using Internet explorer.  This will not work if I use Firefox browser & and also in Linux. So please spread Firefox and browse internet safely.

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